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Bibliography

Pycnogenol^® counteracts the constriction of blood vessels due to stress. The vaso-relaxant activity of Pycnogenol^® is mediated through nitric oxide.
Fitzpatrick, D.F., Bing, B. and Rohdewald, P. (1998)Endothelium-dependent vascular effects of Pycnogenol^®.Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 32: 509-515.

Pycnogenol^® inhibits platelet aggregation in dose-dependent manner in humans. The effect lasts for more than 6 days and unlike aspirin, it does not produce increase in bleeding time.
Pütter, M., Grotemeyer, K.H.M., Würthwein, G., Araghi-Niknam, M., Watson R.R., Hosseini, S. and Rohdewald, P. (1999)Inhibition of smoking-induced platelet aggregation by Aspirin and Pycnogenol^®.Thrombosis Research, 95: 155-161.

Pycnogenol^® is effective against swelling of ankles during long flights based on the subjective and objective data in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Cesarone, M.R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ippolito, E., Scoccianti, M., Ricci, A., Dugall, M., Cacchio, M., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., Acerbi, G., Vinciguerra, M.G., Bavera, P., Di Renzo, A. Di, Errichi, B.M. and Mucci, F. (2004)Prevention of edema in long flights with Pycnogenol^®.Clin. Appl. Thrombosis/Hemostasis 11 (3): pp. 289-294

Pycnogenol^® prevents thrombosis and thrombophlebitis in long-haul flights.
Belcaro, G., Cesarone, MR., Rohdewald, P., Ricci, A., Ippolito, E., Dugall, M., Griffin, M., Ruffini, I., Acerbi, G., Vinciguerra, M.G., Bavera, P., Di Renzo, A., Errichi, B.M., Cerritelli, F. (2004)Prevention of Venous Thrombosis and Thrombophlebitis in Long-Haul Flights with Pycnogenol^®. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 10(4): 373-377.

Pycnogenol^® tested in a placebo-controlled, double-blind phase as well as in open phase clinical trial, has been shown to produce significant relief and disappearance of symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency. Safety is confirmed by lack of side effects, changes in blood biochemistry and haematological parameters.
Petrassi, C., Mastromarino, A. and Spartera, C. (2000)Pycnogenol^® in chronic venous insufficiency.Phytomedicine, 7(5): 383-388.

Review article: describes efficacy and safety profile of Pycnogenol^® in treating venous disorders in humans. Mechanisms of reducing oedema are also discussed.
Gulati, O. P. (1999)Pycnogenol^® in venous disorders: A review.European Bulletin of Drug Research, 7 (2): 8-13.

Zinopin®- Rationale of its use as Food Supplement in TravellerÂ’s thrombosis and motion sickness.
Scurr, J.H. and Gulati, O.P. (2004)Review article: Zinopin®- the Rationale for its use as Food Supplement in TravellerÂ’s thrombosis and motion sickness.Phytotherapy Research, 18: 687 – 695

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